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EXPERIMENTAL RESEARCH IN GEOTECHNICS
To find more links type: HGB Allersma as keyword in Google
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An overview of Allersma's equipment.
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Most recent publications:
Schoonbeek, I.S.S., Allersma, H.G.B. 2006, Centrifuge modelling of scouring ice keels in clay.
Physical modelling in Geotechnics, 6th ICPMG06, August 4-6, Hongkong, Balkema, Rotterdam,
(full paper), pp.1291-1296.
Allersma, H.G.B., I.S.S. Schoonbeek 2005, Centrifuge modelling of scouring ice keels in clay.
Int. Conference on Offshore and Polar Engineering,ISOPE2005, Seoul, June 19-24, cd-rom (full paper) , pp.404-409.
Allersma, H.G.B. 2005, Optical analysis of stress and strain around penetrating elements in a granular medium.
Int. Conference on Offshore and Polar Engineering,ISOPE2005, Seoul, June 19-24, cd-rom (full paper) , pp.590-595.
Allersma, H.G.B. 2005, Optical analysis of stress and strain in shear zones.
Int. Conference on Powders and Grains2005, Stuttgart, July 19-22,(full paper), pp.187-191.
Allersma, H.G.B. 2005, Centrifuge tests on improving offshore foundation systems.
ISFOG, Perth, September 18-21, (full paper) pp.187-191.
More publications
Short cut to project index
Personalia project manager (up to 2006)
- Name:
- Dr. Henderikus G.B. Allersma
- Position:
- Associate Professor
- Telephone:
- +31653604224
-
- Fax:
- +31847408764
-
Email: H.Allersma ipact.nl (to prevent automated searching E-address @ is not printed, use ...ma@ip...)
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Allersma has been retired, if you still want to follow his hard live, visit:
ALLERSMA's LABORATORY; NON-SOIL MECHANICAL PROJECTS
(mechanics, electronics, informatics, photography)
click here
A new area of interest is 3D printing. It is believed that a 3D printer would be very helpfull in modelling techniques such as e.g.
geotechnical centrifuge research.
Allersma's 3D printer
To find most effectively other internet links of Allersma type: HGB Allersma as keyword in Google
Other researchers involved
Specialization
Development and application of measuring and test techniques in experimental geotechnics
centrifuge modelling; optical stress strain analysis; computer soil testing
(Movies are in .AVI (video for windows) format)
Geotechnical Centrifuge modelling
The stress dependent behaviour of soil can be modelled in
a correct way in a centrifuge. It is therefore possible to cause failure of a
vertical cut or a sheet pile wall in a small clay
sample. Thanks to the cohesion, failure would never occur in a normal gravity field. If, however, the
model is placed in a centrifuge the self weight of the material can be increased so that the
shear stresses in a small model can be brought to the same level as the cohesion stresses. Also, sand
behaves stress dependent because the interparticle friction is larger at a low stress level. This
is caused by the fact that at higher interparticle loads some local crushing takes place at the particle
surface, resulting in a lower internal friction angle. In this figure load
displacement diagrams of a circular footing on Dune sand at different gravities are shown.
The load is devided by the actual acceleration. It appeared that the
bearing loads are relative lower at larger gravities. It means that small scale tests at 1g result
in too optimistic values. On the other hand it can be seen that the influence of the gravity is not so
strong at higher stress levels.
A small geocentrifuge (large picture) (for movie click
here) has been designed and built at the
Geotechnical Laboratory of the University of Delft. Some photographs during the manufacturing
can be shown here.
The radius is 1.20m and the
space for samples and equipment is 400x400x500mm. Samples with a weight of
300N can be accelerated up to 160g. Due to the small size the cost of
operation is low and a large number of test can be performed in a short
period. In general the weight of the sample boxes and in flight testing equipment is so low
that they can be transported by hand by one person.
Automated preparation devices assure a good reproducibility of the clay
diagram, (photo)and sand
(photo) samples.
It appears possible to make an air free clay slurry under normal atmospheric conditions.
An additional centrifuge has been built to prepare normaly consolidated clay
samples. The computer controlled sand preparation device produces sand samples with
a standard deviation in porosity of less than 0.2%.
Due to the accuracy slight differences in tests procedures can be made
visible.
Several accesoires are available to perform advanced in
flight tests, such as i.e.
- sand pouring machine (photo, diagram)
- two dimensional loading system (photo, diagram)
- gas supply system (photo, diagram)
- water circulation system (system 1,
system 2)
- vane apparatus (photo)
- pile driving hammer (diagram)
- in flight excavation (diagram))
- wave simulator (diagram)
- simulation suction pile installation (photo, diagram)
- simulation pollution behaviour (photo)
click here for more details
The devices are controlled by a PC compatible single board computer
which is located in the spinning part of the centrifuge (486, 100MHz
processor, 128 Kbyte RAM, 80 Mbyte solid state chip disk, 1 Gbyte HD
just in the center). At this moment (2002) much more powerfull single
board computers are available. However, for our control applications
the 100MHz system is fast enough.
The computer is
accessible in a normal way via slip rings and line driver units. The
communication with the on-board mechanical equipment is realized by
two commercial available AT-slot interface boards. One board contains 8
analog inputs, one voltage controlled output and 32 digital input/output
lines (see diagram). Because the measuring
and control signals have not to be transported via slip rings the noise is
reduced to a very low level. The interface board can be accessed very easily
in a BASIC program, so that the user can write his own software to define
a particular test procedure. The computer is still operating under the MSDOS
operating system, because the control programs are so simple that an advanced
Windows operating system would be rather heavy for this purpose. During a test
some simple graphs can be produced on the screen, where the data file can be
used in programs like exel to make more professional graphs.
The limited space for sensors is neutralized by using digital image
processing techniques to digitize automatically and on line surface
displacements of clay and sand samples. The displacement of objects can
be measured also by this technique.
In recent years several research projects have been carried out, such as for
example: stability of dikes,
widening of embankments (for movie click
here) (prototype height 6m),
sliding behavior of spudcans (prototype
diameter 14m), stability of embankments during water
infiltration
(for movie click here), simulation of
gas blowouts (for movie click
here), simulation
of land subsidence (prototype depth 70m)
(for movie click here), buckling behavior
of large diameter piles (prototype
diameter 2.6m; lenght 35m), behavior suction foundations (prototype
dimensions diameter=9m, height=10m) during installation
(for movie click here), etc., etc.
Thanks to its convenient and interactive operational modes, the centrifuge has
proven to be very suitable for educational purposes. On the other hand, the
geocentrifuge is powerfull enough to investigate several types of
practical problems.
Because of the relative low cost of operation, the number of tests in a
project (30-80) are not limited by financial aspects. For this reason the
centrifuge is extremely well-suited for mechanism studies. In alsmost all
the projects new and unexpected phenomena are observed.
Up to now it was good possible to combine the research work of graduate
students with projects which are financed by companies. In recent years more
than 20 students (also from abroad) have been involved in centrifuge projects.
Thanks to the financial support of companies little money was needed from the
University to build the equipment. The research projects have also been
resulted in several publications.
Students who follow the course Experimental Geotechnics are performing a
short research project. They are free in the choice of the subject. Before
they are doing the tests they are making some calculations and they should
write a proposal. In many cases they build simple equipment by them selves.
Finally they have to write a report containing background tests, test results,
evaluation and conclusions.
Short description actual and recent projects:
index
Embankments and dikes
Offshore spudcan foundations
Offshore suction pile anchor systems
Interaction soil / horizontal moving (ice)bodies
Uplift of buried pipes
Behavior of sheet pile walls
Pollution transport phenomena
Special projects
Optical stress strain analysis
Computer soil testing
Some questions
see publications for more details
Special projects
Simulation of cavity expansion in sand (Cooperation with Tokyo Inst. of Technology, Prof. Kusakabe)
- In this research project it is investigated how the soil behaves when a compound is
injected in a point a some depth. The viscosity of the compound is so large that it is
not infiltrating in the pores. Click
here for some
more details.
Using expanding grout tubes for surface uplift (Dutch Ministry of Public Work)
- In this research project it is investigated in how far the soil surface can be
lifted by using expanding grout tubes in the sub soil. An application is e.g. the
adjustment of a settled road embankment near a bridge. In the first instance a
simplified system is simulated in the centrifuge, consisting of a metal
bar which is pushed into the soil. In a later stage the
behaviour of an expanding flexible bag was investigated at 50g.
Click here for some more details.
Using fibers in sand to improve the bearing load of footings (Czech Technical University)
- In this research project it is investigated in how far the bearing
capacity of sand can be improved by mixing the sand with fibers. The
behaviour of the sand was tested by performing a footing test, using
different concentrations of the fibers.
Simulation of gas blowouts (SHELL EXPRO UK))
- In this test program the behaviour of a soil layer was observed
during an external gas blowout. Homogeneous
sand samples and samples of sand with clay layers were used.
In the centrifuge a blowout was simulated by injecting air
at the bottom side of the sample. The main goal of the research was to
find a relation between gas flow and crater depth. This is a typical
example of a problem which can only be solved by experiments, because
there is not any theory available to describe this complicated process.
Since the centrifuge has no rotating joints for gas high pressure cylinders
are used to store 2000 liters of air on board. The required gas flow can be
supplied to the test box by a
computer controlled air supply system.
A relation could be found between the energy of the gas and the crater depth.
Furthermore several other interesting phenomena could be observed. It appeared
that cratering occurs only when the gas flow is started suddenly. However, if
there is a large diameter shallow footing at the surface,
then also a crater is formed at a gradual
increase of the gas flow. Initially it was believed that a clay layer limits
the depth of the crater. The centrifuge tests show, however, that the clay
layer causes a crater because the gas is accumulated
in the first instance
under the clay and finally break through suddenly. This process shows a
similarity with liquefaction during earth quakes.
Simulation of the trap-door mechanism (no support)
- The trap-door is a representative deformation mechanism
for several phenomena. It can be related to tunneling,
land subsidence and
geological phenomena. In the Netherlands land subsidence as a result of gas
production is measured in the province of Groningen.
A simple test technique has been developed to simulate the trap-door
mechanism in the centrifuge. By comparing
1g tests and 100g tests it
could be shown very clearly that the stress level has a great influence
on the deformation mechanism. Several configurations are tested, with
homogeneous and layered soils. It appeared that
a clay layer has little influence on the deformation of the sand.
Typically are the sharp shear zones in
the case of dense packed sand.
It appeared that a rather local mechanism is active, which is due to the
fact that volume is genereted by dilation.
By inserting a rocky layer
the cracking behaviour could be examined. The crack in the centre is
formed in the first instance, without sudden displacement.
However, sudden deformations could be observed when the cracks at
some distance from the centre are formed. This can be a mechanism which causes light
earth shocks during gas production.
Full Paper about this matter
Buckling behaviour large diameter piles (SHELL Int. Exploration & Prod.)
- In practise it was observed in some cases that hollow cylinder piles (e.g. diameter = 2.6m; wall thickness = 40mm; lenght = 100m)are
deformed significantly during driving. The
deformation
starts at the
tip (peanut shape) and can be extended over a lenght of more than
20 meter. Due to this deformation a serious problem arises, for
example, if an insert pile has to be installed. The aim of this project
is to investigate which mechanism is effecting buckling. Centrifuge tests
as well as 1g test in a callibration cell are carried out. For centrifuge
testing a pile driving hammer has been developed
which can operate at 150g. After driving the pile can be loaded with the
computer controlled in flight loading system.
The tests have shown clearly
that an initial injury is required to deform the pile during driving. It was
found that the buckling has no negative effect on the bearing capacity.
Sand in the centrifuge (Dutch National Science Foundation)
- In this research project all phenomena around the behavior of
sand at higher g-levels are tested. In particular attention is paid
in how far the sand bed preparation, model dimensions, particle diameter,
etc. influences the behavior of footings.
It was found that the bearing capacity is extremely sensitive for
changes in i.e. the relative density and lost of fine material. These
phenomena show that sample preparation is one of the most important
aspect in centrifuge modelling. This research program was very helpful
in evaluating the reliability of the test results on spudcans.
(The research is described in a thesis, which is available on request).
Photoelastic stress measurement in soil around tunnel and piles (no support).
An optical measuring method will be applied to visualize stresses in soil
(crushed glass) around a tunnel and neighbouring piles. The aim of the test
is to examine changes in stress when the
diameter of the tunnel is decreased.
The test setup and measuring device is shown here.
Simulation of flowing hoppers (no support)
- A number of orientating tests have been carried out to visualize the
flow in hoppers at higher g levels. It could be visualized that the flow
pattern is strongly dependent on the stress level. If there is thunnel flow
or mass flow is not only dependent of the hopper shape but also influenced
by the relative density of the material and the stress level.
Simulation of earthquakes
- Some orientating tests have been performed to see if the small centrifuge
can be used to simulate earthquakes. A container with
soil was mounted on a
platform with wheels. At 100 g the platform was moved by a pneumatic actuator.
Aftre a short displacement the platform bumps against a ridged wall, which
causes a shock wave in the sample. To demonstrate the effect of the bump a
clay dike was built at a sand layer. In this picture
the deformation of the dike after two bumps is visualised by subtracting
the images.
Spudcan foundations
Sliding behaviour of spudcans on sand (SHELL Int. Explotation & Prod.)
- For jack-up units founded offshore upon sand by means of
spudcans, sliding of the windward leg
is often the governing foundation criterion for a site specific integrety
assessment. At this moment centrifuge tests is the only possibility to get
more insight in the sliding behaviour of spudcans. A typical output of
a test series is shown here.
Several interesting
phenomena could be observed in the centrifuge tests.
It appeared that more than full embedment
penetration was needed to reach the maximum bearing capacity. A spicular
tip decreases the bearing capacity somewhat, where a rough spudcan has
a higher bearing capacity than a smooth footing. For details see this
graph
Test on the sliding capacity have shown that the first
sliding check (H = V tg a)
as described
in the Recommanded Practice for Site Specific Assessment of Mobile Jack-Up
Units is applicable to restricted loading conditions and may therefore be too
optimistic. Hence, it is concluded that this check should not be used
when assessing the integrety of the windward leg foundation. Much better fit is
obtained by more advanced theoretical models, e.g. based on Brinch Hansen's theory.
The sliding behavior of spudcans in layered soil (SHELL EXPRO UK)
- Spudcans are used in offshore for the foundation of jack up platforms. If
the spudcans are founded on sand the penetration depth is not so large as
in clay. In order to validate the design rules a test program has been
carried out to examine the resistance against sliding. Horizontal loads
are applied to the spudcans during strong wave actions. In this project
the attention is focused on the sliding behavior of spudcans in layered
soils (sand on clay). An item of research is to determine the thickness
of the sand layer at which is the transition between a sand type spudcan
and a clay type spudcan. The load due to wave action can be simulated by
a two dimensional loading system. The test are performed with a model
spudcan with a diameter of 60mm, at an acceleration of 150g.
It was
found, for example, that the sliding capacity increases at decreasing
height of the sand layer.
Embankments and dikes
Improvement of stability of dikes (Rijkswaterstaat)
- The aim of this project is to investigate new and innovative
methods to improve the stability of dikes. Conventional methods,
based on making a dike higher and wider, are not in all cases
acceptable. The landscape is influenced significantly and sometimes
houses which are to close to the dike have to be removed. Furthermore
the capacity of rivers is decreased in the case the widening is made
in the river bed. For that reason new innovative methods will be
investigated and eventually be developed. Centrifuge tests are very
helpful to examine the effect of some method. It can be visualized how
the failure mechanism is influenced when reinforcement is added to the
dike body.
Some orientating tests to improve the stability are shown
here. The test program will be focussed
on three methods defined by
INSIDE.
In the first instance tests are carried out to find out what a good
configuration is to examine the efectivity of the different methods.
An example of a clay model is shown here.
It was found that a rather large gravity was required to generate the
deep shear failure mechanism. In a next test the clay layer underneath
the dike is partly replaced by sand. Friction reduction by uplift pressure
is simulated by separating clay and sand layer with a thin smooth layer.
The failure mechanism in this test is shown here.
It is believed that this test is a good base for investigating methods to
improve the stabilization of an embankment.
A similar test has been carries out with nails. A wire of soft material
was pushed into the embankment from the slope surface.
The deformation of the embankment is shown by the
grid lines. A somewhat different failure pattern
can be observed. The position of a nail is shown here.
In the next test expanding columns were simulated. The expansion was not
simulated in flight in the first instance, but a wire which was locally
thicker was pushed into the
slope surface (picture at the end of test) at 1g.
The end reached in the sand layer. The deformation of the embankment
at the end of the test is shown here. The behavior
of the reinforcement columns into the soil can be observed
here.
In the final orientating test series the so called mixed in place columns
are simulated. The columns are supposed to be so strong that they will
not collapse. Therefor metal tubes are used
in the first instance. The top viewhere at the end
of the test show that a gap is formed between tube and clay.
A side view shows the deformation mechanism of the
clay body.
Failure of dikes by water infiltration (Rijkswaterstaat)
- The behaviour of dikes are investigated during wave overtopping. A
typical configuration of the dike is a sand body covered by a clay layer
with a thickness of ca. 0.5 meter. During wave overtopping water is
infiltrated into the dike. The rising ground water table causes finally
failure. The water infiltration in flight could be achieved in a simple
and cheap way by means of an air lift.
In contradiction with the general opinion failure is not following
the shear band theory of Bishop or Fellenius. It appeared, however, that
the rising ground water table is tilting the clay layer. Since the friction
with the underground is reduced to zero the clay cracks
due to its own weight (movie) After cracking the sand
body erodes gradually.
A field test has
shown that this mechanism is also active in reality.
Due to the centrifuge tests the field test has been observed more
critically, so that the real failure mechanism could be visualized.
In a later test program in the centrifuge the stream lines are made visible,
so that the effect of drains could be visualized. It appeared
that a drain improves the stability
significantly. As an answer on critical notes that a real dike is
not homogeneous,
clay lenses are inserted into
the sand. It appeared that clay lenses has not always a negative effect on
the stability.
The behavior of new embankments on soft soil (no support)
- When a new embankment is constructed on soft soil a part of the
dumped material will be penetrated into the subsoil. Some orientating
tetst have been performed in the centrifuge to simulate this process.
Some stages during the sand suppletion is shown in the figures
1,
2,
3,
4.
The deformations can be measured more in detail by image processing.
It is believed that centrifuge tests can yield valuable information
about the mechanism of this process. The stiffness of the clay can be
varied and the effect of stabilizing techniques e.g. sand layer or
geotextile can be examined. In this movie
an embankment is made in flight, where the clay surface was first
stabilized by a thin layer of sand.
The behavior of embankments during widening (Rijkswaterstaat)
- Due to increasing traffic several roads, founded on soft soil, have to
be widened. During widening of the sand embankment,
cracks can occur
in the asphalt pavement. An important question
is if cracking can be reduced by changing the procedure of widening. A
computer controlled sand pouring machine has
been developed to enable manipulation of the widening
procedure in flight in a centrifuge test.
The main objective of this research program was to visualize which mechanism
is causing the cracks and to compare the results with numerical calculations.
The advantage of centrifuge models is, that a relative simple configuration
can be tested in the first instance.
A good comparison is possible only if the soil parameters
are well known. Therefore a lot of attention is paid to investigate methods
in order to determine soil parameters at 1g and in soil layers
during flight.
The tests have shown that the widening causes a
gradient in the vertical displacement. Actually the
sand embankment is subjected to bending, which causes the
cracks in the asphalt. It could be visualized that
the gradient in the vertical displacements can be affected by the strategy
of the suppletion of the widening material. If the material is supplied layer
by layer the gradient in vertical displacement underneath the embankment is
much bigger the when the so called
gap method is used.
Failure mechanism of dikes (Rijkswaterstaat)
- In order to get more insight in the stability of
dikes at
high water levels, an in-situ method is in development to test
a dike against failure. Before such a method can be developed
more insight is required in the failure mechanism of several types
of dikes. In this test program some dikes types shall be schematized
and the stability at high water levels shall be investigated. In this
movie it is shown how a dike with half thickness
can be brought to failure by increasing the water level to the maximum
height (microbes are used to mark the clay surface).
Centrifuge tests on failure of dikes by overburden pore water pressure (Delft Cluster)
- A centrifuge test program will be carried out to investigate the
behaviour of dikes during rising of the water level. It is assumed
in this case that the clay dike is founded on a permeable layer of sand.
The increasing water level is supposed to increase the pore water pressure
in the sand. The pore pressure causes an uplift force at the bottom of
the profile of the clay dike. Thanks to friction reduction failure can be
triggered.
In order to have a good control over the pore water pressure the pressure
under the clay dike can be adjusted by a computer controlled pressure system.
In the test setup shown in this diagram the pore
water pressure can be increased uniformly in the sand layer underneath the
embankment. In the diagram shown here it is possible
to create a pressure gradient in the sand layer underneath the clay layer. The
pump is activated by the on-board computer, using the output of one of the
pressure sensors.
A photograph of a typical test result is presented here.
At low pore pressure a shear band is formed starting at the toe of the dike. Reduction
of the friction by increasing pore pressure causes deeper shear bands.
In this
movie it can be shown that both mechanisms happen almost
at the same moment. In this movie a test is shown where the
slope is stabilized by a berm. Furthermore an imperfection is made in the clay
behind the dike. A similar mechanism is now realized as assumed in some calculations.
A good fit was found between tests and numerical calculations.
This detail shows that a complex shear band pattern can be formed.
A next step is to find methods which improves the stability of dikes.
Some possibilities are shown here. The advantage of centrifuge
modelling is that you are free to test any design. Even if the design is not practical
or too expensive. Trials can led to new better ideas. It was found that a sheeting pile was
not very effective. Most effective up to now were horizontal nails half way the slope.
Making of embankments on soft soil by dumping method (Hyundai Inst. of Constr. Technology, Korea)
- The aim of this project is to study the behaviour of soft sub soil during
dumping of granular material for making embankments. Several aspects of which is
believed that they will influence the process will be examined. Important are the
relations between shape of the embankment and dumping strategy, particle size and
the use of geotextile. Also different clay types are used, under which a clay from the shore of Korea.
Click here (detail) to see
an example of an embankment made in flight. In this test the embankment is poured layer by layer.
In order to digitize the shape of the embankment automatically a computer controlled device has been developed. An
example of a scanning pattern is shown here. It is already clear that the strategy of
dumping is of influence on the shape of the embankment.
Deformation measurement during field test on failure of dikes by overburden pore water pressure (Delft Cluster)
A field test has been carried out under supervision of the Dutch Ministry of Public Work and Arcadis. The aim
of the test was to simulate dyke failure by uplift pressure. A schematic diagram shows a
dyke on a clay layer overlaying a permeable sand layer. If the water table of the river rises water pressure is
pussing up the clay layer, resulting in friction reduction. In the test the porewater pressure was increased
by injection wells.
The contribution of the TUDelft was to measure the surface deformation by image processing. For this measurement
white labels (40x40cm) were placed at the slope surface. Reflection strips are used in
order to visualize the labels by night. A video camera positioned at some distance enables
digitization and storage of the video images.
After pumping for several days failure of the dyke could be forced. The surface deformation
is visualized by a double exposure. The displacement of the labels can be visualized
subtracting two images. The displacement of the labels can be digitized by image
processing. An example of a label is shown here. In this movie
the dispalacement of the labels can be observed in time. The total duration of the deformation was about 3 hours.
There was a good similarity between centrifuge tests and the field test.
Suction emplaced anchoring systems
Suction caissons for stabilization of the Jumbo offshore installation
ship (Kahn Scheepvaart b.v.)
- In this research project centrifuge (Fig.1,
Fig.2) and
1g tests have been performed to investigate
the vertical pullout capacity of suction caissons with active suction. Caissons of different
shapes are used in this
case. The caissons will be used as anchors to stabilize temporarily super heavy lift ships.
Points of interest are:
= influence of compartiments on bearing load and installation
= influence of active suction
= influence of wall shape
For more details see paper ISOPE03 (PDF).
Simulation of suction can installation in sand (no support)
- In this project it is analysed how suction cans behave during
installation in homogeneous sand. The installation of
suction cans is based on a vertical load caused by pressure difference
and friction reduction thanks to groundwater flow, driven by the pressure
difference. Load displacement diagrams during
installation can be derived, so that the different driving and resistance
components can be separated. Cans with different heights and diameters can
be used, were also the wall thickness is varied. Furthermore the bearing
capacity during static and dynamic loading will be analysed.
A test technique has been developed to simulate the installation of a can by
suction at 150g in the centrifuge. By performing the test in a pressurized
container (photo, diagram),
also the water depth could be simulated in a correct way.
During a test the significant parameters are
measured.
It was found that there is a linear relation between the pressure difference,
the wall thickness, the lenght and the diameter of the suction can.
If the diameter become too small upheave occur. If the can is penetrated
mechanically a 7 times higher load is
required than penetration by suction. The can tends to a vertical position
during suction installation, even when the initial position is not straight.
The behavior of suction cans in layered soil (Clyde Petroleum Expl. b.v., Fugro Engineers b.v.)
- Suctions cans are used offshore as anchoring elements for
floating platforms or as foundation
element for several different applications. A large can
(i.e. diameter 9m, height 10m) is placed up
side down at the sea floor. By pumping water out of the can, water
is flowing through the soil, so that the soil stress around the tip of
the can is reduced. Due to the reduction of the soil stress and the low
pressure inside the can the can is penetrating into the soil. The aim of
this project is to investigate the possibility of installation in layered
soil (sand, clay, sand). It was in particular uncertain what will happen
in case a can penetrates from a clay layer into a dense sand.
Centrifuge
tests have shown up to now that a clay layer did not hamper the penetration
of a suction pile. Recently real scale suction cans are installed in
layered soil, similar to the centrifuge samples. It appeared that also in this
case it was possible to install the cans without heave of the clay layer.
Horizontal bearing capacity of suction piles (Suction Pile Techn., v.Hattum en Blankevoort)
- In this research project centrifuge tests are performed to examine the
horizontal bearing capacity of suction piles. Parameters which have been
tested are:
H/D ratio, loading angle, attachment height cable, density sand, surface roughness pile.
About 40 centrifuge tests have been performed to examine the influence of
the different parameters.
The test results have been compared with a three dimensional FE calculation.
It was found that there was a good agreement with FE calculation and tests.
Calculations as well as tests show that attachment of the cable at 2/5 from
the bottom yields the maximum bearing capacity. This position depends somewhat
on the angle of the cable. Increasing the diameter of the pile is much more
effective than using strips. A spectacular result was that the horizontal
bearing capacity increases significantly if 1/3 of the
top was removed after
installation. This was the case in sand as well as in clay.
Bearing capacity of suction piles under cyclic and long term loading (Suction
Pile Techn., v.Hattum en Blankevoort)
- A relative new application of suction piles is the anchoring of floating structures
using pre-stressed cables. The advantage is that the structure is positioned more stable.
In this case the anchor is loaded permanently and due to wave action the load has a cyclic
character. In order to examine the behavior of suction piles under these conditions
centrifuge tests have been carried out under cyclic and long term vertical loading. Also
some test are carried out to investigate the speed dependent behavior.
It was found that cyclic loading was influencing the vertical pullout load only if
the maximum load was very close to the static pullout load (more than 95%).
Installation of suction piles by percussion method (MATech)
- In this research project a new installation technique of suction piles has been investigated.
In this technique the trapped water will not be removed by continuous pumping. Instead
of that a vessel will be brought to under pressure. By opening a valve suddenly
the trapped water will be removed with large capacity under maximum pressure difference.
It is believed that this technique will be valuable in the case that the sea floor is not flat,
in course sand and in the case of slender piles.
In the first instance 1G tests have been performed on model piles with dimension D=65mm H=80mm.
A computer controlled test setup has been developed to generate
the short pressure pulses and to measure the significant paramaters such as
pressure during pulse and displacement. The
tests show the tendensy that percussion technique has advantages if the conditions are less
ideal. Some conclusions are:
upheave reduces with shorter pulse time (example in course sand)
penetration in uneaven sand surface only possible by percussion method
penetration in course sand only possible using percussion technique
The positive test results have led to the decision to perform a test program on this subject
in the geotechnical centrifuge. Thanks to the 1G tests some experience was obtained with the
ins and outs, so that it was more easy to build the in flight test setup.
The test is performed in a pressurized container in order to simulate a large water depth.
Parameters which can be measured are: pressure during pulse, displacement, water consumption.
The first orientating tests were looking promissing. In this figure an
example is shown of the shape of the pulse at different stages of the installation. The pulse
time is approximately 50 ms.
Behavior of buried pipes
Effect of repeated loading in the upheaval buckling behaviour
of pipelines (SHELL Int. Exploration & Prod.)
- A representative segment of a buried pipeline was subjected to cyclic
loading (simulation of buckling due to thermal effects) in order to examine
the upheaval behaviour. In this figure the displacement
of the pipe segment is plotted during cycles with increasing maximum load.
It was found that the cyclic loading did not
decrease the pull out load of the pipe segment significantly.
Upheaval resistance of trenched pipelines covered with a
loose packed backfill (SHELL EXPRO UK)
- A representative segment of a buried pipeline in loose packed
soil was subjected to static loading in order to determine the
upheaval resistance. The tests have been performed on a soil from the
site (offshore East of Scotland), so that predictions could be made for
a particular design. Several aspects have been examined in detail, such
as density of the soil, clay
content and loading speed. Pressure sensors were installed in order to
visualize the change in pore pressure during loading. The advantage of
performing small scale centrifuge tests on this problem is, that it is
rather easy to test methods of which are believed that they improve the
upheaval resistance. It appeared that the measured data fit quit well
in the calculations used for designing buried pipes.
Vertical behavior of buried pipes as a result of horizontal displacement
(simulation of thermal buckling)
- A representative segment of a buried pipe in soil is subjected to
cyclic horizontal displacement in order to determine the vertical
displacement in time. The horizontal displacement is supposed to be a
simulation of thermal buckling. One of the main goals is to
investigate if cyclic horizontal displacement can cause that a pipe
moves to the surface of the sa floor.
Effect of waves on the behaviour of pipes at the sea floor.(no support).
- Some orientating tests have been performed to investigate the influence
of waves on the behaviour of buried and not covered pipes at the sea floor.
A very simple device has been developped to
simulate wave action at g-levels up to 150 times earth gravity. In this
movi the operation of the device can be watched.
Up to now it was found that the waves cause densification of a sand bed.
Also a tendency could be observed that heavy pipes are sinking in a sand
bed if waves are generated.
By using a somewhat more smart system also running waves can be simulated.
Behavior of scouring bodies in sand and clay
Sub-gouge effects of scouring ice keels on clay. (no support)
- In order to make predictions about the safety of buried pipes
it has to be known at what depth a scouring ice berg is deforming
the sea floor. Interesting results are obtained with tests on sand
(see next item). However, the tests on clay are even more spectacular.
See this movie for an orientating test (3Mb).
Click here
for some photographs (quite huge file, some patient required).
Sub-gouge effects of scouring ice keels on the sea floor
(Sakhalin
Energy Investment Company LTD.)
- In order to make predictions about the safety of buried pipe lines in
polar regions
it has to be known up to what depth a scouring ice berg is deforming
the sea floor. The process is simulated in the centrifuge
with a half 3D test. A keel shaped
body body is displaced (see movie)
at fixed depth in horizontal direction. The horizontal and vertical
loads
are measured and the displacements are visualized by
markers and digitized by digital image processing.
Some photographs of prilimary test results are
presented here.
Collapse ship embankment
- In order to make predictions about the safety of foundation of bridges
knowledge is required about the collapse between a ship and the wall.
Some orientation tests are carried out in the centrifuge to show that
this phenomenon can be investigated by this test technique. Some photographs
and some prilimary results are presented here.
Sheetpile walls
Load on sheet pile wall related to width.
-The aim of this research is to investigate the load on a sheet segment,
which is located in a rigid wall. A point of reseasrch is to examine in
how far arching is decreasing the load more than propotionally with decreasing
width of the sheet segment. Clic here to view the
results of some orientating tests.
Failure mechanism of sheet pile walls (National Institute of Industrial
Safety, Ministry of Labour, Japanese )
-In cooperation with the Ministry of Labour of Japan (National Institute of
Industrial Safety) a test program is being carried out to investigate the failure
mechanism of sheet pile walls during collapse.
Several configurations are tested, where the failure mechanism is made
more clear by means of image processing.
Click here
to see a typical test result of an excavation between two sheet pile walls.
The support of the wall was removed during flight. Click
here to get an on
line impression of the centrifuge test.
In this picture or movie
an example is shown of an excavation of a
sheet pile wall which was stabilized by another sheet pile wall at
some distance.
In flight excavation of soil (no support)
- A low budget device has been developed to perform in flight
excavation in tests on sheet pile walls in clay or sand. In
this movie the operation of the device in clay
can be observed. The operation in a test on a sheet pile wall without anchor
in sand is shown here.
It can be seen that a sheet pile wall with anchor
behaves different.
More details about the device will be mailed to you on request.
Pollution transport phenomena
Simulation of horizontal pollution transport in sand. (no support)
- In this research project it is investigated how an injected dye behaves
in a horizontal groundwater flow in sand. The plan is to vary several conditions,
such as: changing pressure gradient in time, layered soil sample, etc. Click
here for
some more details.
Detection pollution transport in centrifuge test (EC)
- In cooperation with other European geotechnical centrifuge groups
a project (NECER)
has been started to develop measuring and test techniques in order
to simulate and monitor the transport of pollution in soil. One of the
advantages of centrifuge tests is that the time scale can be reduced.
A process which takes several years in reality can be simulated in the
centrifuge in a few hours.
As a first excersise orientating tetst
have been carried out to examine the capillar rising at higher gravities.
For more details click here.
In a following up a test program has been carried out to examine the
infiltration of LNAPL and DNAPL in sand. The problem was schematized
as a two dimensional system, where the oil was supplied by a linear
source. In the following movies the infiltration of
LNAPL and DNAPL is
visualized.
In reality the infiltration of, LNAPL
takes 30 minutes, where the movie with DNAPL is real time.
In thje test with LNAPL the sand was partly saturated, were a capillar
transition zone was
present between the saturated zone and the dry zone. Three stages
during a test with LNAPL are presented in the following pictures
1;
2;
3
The influence of the capillary and saturated zone are
clearly visible.
The contours (determined by image processing) of several stages are
presented in this picture.
In this movie it is shown how digital image
processing is applied to digitize the contours of an optical tracer.
One of the measuring methods to follow this process in more detail is
the use of digital image processing.
The grey level distribution over the polluted spot can be used to estimate
the concentration of the pollution at some point during the test.
Some stages during a test are visualized in this
three dimensional plot. The grey level distribution can be converted into
false colours. Research is carried out to examine
in how far the grey level can be used to digitize the concentration of
the pollution.
Simulation cleaning process of viscous LNAPL (EC)
One of the main goals of research on pollution transport is the simulation
of cleaning processes. The advantage of centrifuge tests is that processes
which would take several days at normal g level can be simulated in a few
hours. As a pilot test the removal of a viscous LNAPL by means of a forced
ground water flow is simulated. Firstly infiltration of LNAPL in partly
saturated sand was started. During this proces a hydraulic gradient was
applied, so that the ground water starts to flow. It appeared that the
LNAPL was removed after approximately two hours (75 days prototype). The
test can be visualized in this movi. Click
here to see a photograph of the test setup,
after a test has been performed. The accumulation of the removed
contaminent is clear visible.
Simulation of viscous LNAPL flow underneath a barrier wall (Kumamoto Univ, Y. Hayashi)
Centrifuge tests were performed to
examine the mechanism of light nonaqueous liquid (LNAPL)transportation
in an unsaturated sand deposite. The experiments simulated the effect
of a vertical barrier wall to delay the LNAPL transportation. The LNAPL
was transported along streamlines and it appeared
that the wall could not stop the LNAPL transportation in horizontal
direction. However, the LNAPL was partly stored at the upstream side of the wall.
The presence of the wall delayed and decreases the LNAPL transportation
to the downstream direction.
In a second test a hollow sheet wall was used with a perforation at the upstream
side. It could be visualized (movie 1.5 Mb) in a centrifuge
test that the contaminent can be captured in this way.
Optical stress strain analysis
Methods have been developed to analyse stresses and strains in soil samples.
Digital image processing
A technique based on digital image processing has been applied in order
to measure displacements in soil samples. This method was initially developed
to determine displacements of objects and deformations of soil surfaces
in the small geocentrifuge of the laboratory. The system comprises a PC
with a frame grabber, a video camera and a software toolkit. Because the
system is PC based a high degree of interactive operation is possible.
By means of users written programs objects in a captured frame can be
isolated and digitized automatically.
Beside centrifuge research several other applications are found in which
the method could be used to measure displacements. An example is a
field test, were wave overtopping was
simulated in order to examine the failure mechanism of a dike
(for movie click here). The surface
displacement could be detected by means of labels, which are placed at the
slope of the dike.
In the laboratory the method is used to measure the diameter of triaxial
samples during a test.
click here for more details).
Photo-elastic stress measurement
Stresses in a granular material (i.e. during cone penetration)
can be measured by means of grains of photoelastic material.
In this technique sand is replaced by crushed glass.
The assembly is made transparent (no stress)
by submerging the pores with a liquid which
has the same refraction index as glass. Due to shear stresses
(stress) glass becomes
anisotropic for light (temporary double refractive). This phenomenon can be made visible
by polarized light. In this
movie the development
of the optical phenomenon underneath a pile tip is visualised.
The stress underneath a tip is shown here in more detail.
A typical application is that the effect of the different components can be separated.
In this cone penetration)test for example friction is eliminated,
resulting in stress patterns perpendicular to the cone surface.
Click here) to see the effect of different shapes of the tip.
The phenomenon in the grains is made visible in more detail in a shear test
with disks of perspex
(no shear, shear). This low resolution movie
shows some cycles in a more dynamic way. However, nice details can be observed in HIGH resolution movies. Even the stresses variations in the disks are made visible. For more shear tests see
publikation Powder and Grains 2005.
The grains are used as sensors in this case. First they translate the
contact forces into a second rank tensor and secondly they make that the stress
components can be measured, using the birefringence behaviour. A computerized
measuring device (automated polariscope) and calculation
technique has been developed to apply this method on model test.
The stresses can be made visible in i.e. hoppers,
so that the effect of filling ,
flow and
i.e. an (inclusions can be examined.
The measuring technique is a valuable tool to analyze the stress strain
behaviour of granular material in soil testing devices. In this
example the stress distribution is visualized
in a simple shear apparatus. It can be shown that the stress distribution is not
very well defined in a direct shear cell .
The visual patter in circular polarized light
is combined with the measured principal stress directions. The straight
pattern of the major principal stresses means that the stress distribution
is very uniform in shear. By digitizing the co-ordinates of the black markers
It was found that the major directions of stress and strain coincide fairly well.
The photoelastic technique can also be applied in geotechnical
centrifuge research. As a pilot test the stress pattern is
made visible at 150g in the granular material below a vertical
loaded spudcan footing. It can e.g. be visualized how the stress pattern
changes before and
after sliding.
Recently a new compact measuring device has been
developed to enable digitization of stress components in centrifuge models with optical
sensitive material. In this technique an image processing station is used to
simulate the mechanical scanner. In the first instance images are stored at
every 3 deg. rotation of a polarization filter. Next the images are played back
where the averaged light intensity is determined in sub frames, yielding
the course of the light intensity during rotation of the polarizer in a material point.
The obtained harmonic wave yields the principal stress difference (amplitude)
and the principal stress direction (phase) in a material point. The measured
directions can be used to derive a map of the principal stress
trajectories underneath a spudcan footing, before
and after sliding.
This test technique is up to now the only way to obtain field information about
the stress distribution in granular material.
Computer soil testing
Several automated devices are built to examine the behavior of soil during
loading. In a research project of a graduate student the oedometer test is
automated. This device can be used to perform strain controlled oedometer tests.
A computer controlled device has several advantages
compared to the conventional method. The manipulation with
dead weights is not longer necessary and the loading program
is not disturbed by weekends. The measured data is registered automatically and shown
graphically on the screen. In principle it is possible to analyze the data in real time.
A biaxial device has been developed to
investigate the long term behavior of clay which is subjected to different
loading programs. A new design concept of the device is that the displacement
of the boundaries are synchronized by means of 8 steppers. Furthermore the
soil stress is measured directly at the boundary of the sample by fluid
filled pressure transducers, so that the mechanical friction of the device
has no influence on the load control system. Due to this option soil samples
can be tested at low stress levels. The surface deformation of the soil sample
can be measured independently by means of digital image processing. In this
figure the marked surface of the cubical clay sample
is shown. The deformation (15-10-'97) during 1-dimensional
consolidation is made visible by subtracting images of two different stages.
In the mean time a more complex loading pattern is applied to the clay sample.
The rate of the vertical displacement is kept constant as well as the ratio
between vertical stress and horizontal stress. The deformation at 6-11-'97
is shown here.
A computer controlled miniature vane apparatus has
been developed to investigate the soil parameters during flight in the
centrifuge. During flight the vane can be penetrated into the soil and also
the location in horizontal direction can be changed. Due to this option
several tests can be performed without stopping the centrifuge. Click
here for an example of the output of a vane
tests at different depth.
Question
Non soil mechanical problem
Question 1
When you are going to Jupiter
and you have to decide if it is useful to take
candlelight with you or not. The following questions can be asked:
- will the flame be longer, shorter or equal
- is there a g level at which the flame stops burning
To demonstrate the power of a centrifuge it can be said that this problem
can be solved within 10 minutes by an experiment.
An additional question in a centrifuge test is:
- what is the angle between the axis of the flame and candle
if the hinged platform rotates 90 deg (a or b).
Question 2
What do you think about the resistance of a chicken egg against gravity. The egg is placed on a flat
surface, whithout any further support.
Other researchers involved:
Ima Schoonbeek (master student), Scouring iceberg on clay, related to buried pipes
J.J. de Visser, memeber technical staff, model preparation and operator centrifuge.
Graduate students and other researchers who have been involved in centrifuge research:
S. van Baars, L. Ravenswaay, M.G. den Braber, I.A.G. Ligtenberg
H. Stuit (PhD), W. van Niekerk, M. Borop (Denmark), J. Hedegaard (Denmark)
O. Mareschal (Belgium), M. Senders, G. Kramer, F. van Woensel (Belgium)
F. Plenevaux (Belgium), J.F. Wintgens (Belgium), S. Dresken.
Y. Toyosawa (Ministry of Labour, Japan), J. Kajabova, T. Simon (Belgium)
M.A. Dumont (France), B. Ferres (France), R. Peek, G. Esposito (Italian)
C. Dufour (Belgium), W. Broere, A. Bizzarri, D.Maes, S.W. Lee (S. Korea), M. Pimoulle (France)
O. Dupont (Belgium), P. Kuklik (Chechoslowakia), M. Bartsch (Germany), J. Jacobse
A. Rohe, Y. Hayashi (Japan), R. Krabbendam, X. Cheng (China), B. Wichman, O. Kusakabe (Japan)
Publications
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1982.
Determination of the stress distribution in assemblies of photoelastic
particles. Experimental Mechanics 1982(9). pp.336-341.(full paper
)
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1982.
Photoelastic investigation of the stress distrubution during penetration.
Proc. ESOPT2, Amsterdam (may 1982) A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, Vol.2, pp.79-83. (full paper)
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1982.
Photoelastic stress analysis and strain in simple shear. Proc. IUTAM Conf.
On deformation and failure of granular materials, Delft, A.A. Balkema,
Rotterdam, pp. 345-353. (full paper)
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1985.
Photoelastic stress analysis and strain inmodel tests. J. of Powder&Bulk Technology,
9(1985)2, pp. 7-14. (full paper
)
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1986.
Optical measurement of stress and strain in three dimensional assemblies of photoelastic
granular material. Proc. 3rd Int. Conf. on Computational Methode and Experimental Measurements,
Porto Carras, Greece, Springer-Verlag, pp. 719-728. (full paper)
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1987.
Optical analysis of stress and strain in photoelastic particle assemblies.
PhD Thesis, Delft University of Technology. (full paper)
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1988.
Optical analysis of stress and strain around the tip of a penetration probe.
First Int. Conf. on Penetration Testing, Orlande,
Florida, pp.615-620. full paper)
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1990.
On line measurement of soil deformation in centrifuge tests by means
of image processing. 9th Int. Conf. on Experimental Mechanics, Copenhagen,
pp.1739-1748. (full paper)
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1991.
Using image processing in centrifuge research. Proc. Int. Conf. Centrifuge91,
Boulder
,Colorado, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp. 551-558. (full paper)
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1992.
Optical analysis of methods to influence the stress distribution in hoppers.
Int. Symp. Attrtion and Wear in Powder Technology, Utrecht, Netherlands, Oct. 12-14.
pp. 471-476. (full paper)
- Allersma, H.G.B.,
S. van Baars, 1992. Modelproeven in een geotechnische centrifuge.
De Ingenieur, 104, 7/8, pp.8-12. ( full paper)
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1994.
Using image processing in analyzing stresses in
photoelastic granular material. 10th Int. Conf. on Experimental Mech.,
Lisbon, 18-22 July, 1994. ( full paper)
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1994.
The University of Delft geotechnical centrifuge.
Int. Conf. Centrifuge94,Singapore, 31 August-2 Sept. pp.47-52.
( full paper)
- Allersma, H.G.B., H.G. Stuit, P. Holscher, 1994.
Using image processing in soil mechanics. Thirteenth Int. Conference on Soil Mechanics and Foundation
Engineering. Jan. 3-10, New Delhi, India,
pp. 1341-1344. ( full paper)
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1994.
Measurement of the deformation of a dike by means of image processing. External Report,
Geotechnical Laboratory, Delft University of Technology.
- Allersma, H.G.B., I.A.G. Ligtenberg & B.A.N. Koehorst, 1994.
Simulation of failure of dikes by water infiltration by waves. Int. Conf. Centrifuge94,
Singapore 31 August-2 Sept. pp.289-294. ( full paper)
- Allersma, H.G.B., A.P. Kooijman & W. van Niekerk, 1994.
Simulation of cratering in a small geotechnical centrifuge. Int. Conf. Centrifuge94,
Singapore 31 August-2 Sept. pp.325-330. ( full paper)
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1995.
Using image processing in centrifuge research.
European Workshop: New Techniques for Centrifuge Modelling. Nantes, Jan.
5-6.
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1995.
Development of miniature equipment for a small
geotechnical centrifuge. European Workshop: New Techniques for Centrifuge
Modelling. Nantes, Jan. 5-6.
- Allersma, H.G.B., L. Ravenswaay and E. Vos, 1994.
Investigation of road widening on soft soils using a small geotechnical., Transportation Research
Record No.1462, National Academic Press Washinghton, D.C. pp. 47-53. ( full paper)
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1994.
Development of miniature equipment for a small
geotechnical centrifuge. Transportation Research Record No.1432, National
Academic Press Washinghton, D.C. pp. 99-105. (full paper )
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1995.
Simulation of the trap-door problem in an
geotechnical centrifuge. Second Int. Conf. on the Mechanics of Jointed and
Faulted Rock, Vienna, Austria, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam, pp.521-526. (full paper )
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1995.
Vijf jaar geotechnisch centrifuge-onderzoek bij
de TU Delft., de Ingenieur, nr.8, mei 1995, pp.32-34.
(full paper )
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1995.
Meten en regelen bij 150g. RBelektronica, dec. 1995. (full paper )
- Allersma, H.G.B., Mareschal, O. 1995.
Het bezwijken van dijken bij waterinfiltratie. Land+water, dec. 1995. (full paper )
- Bizzarri, A, H.G.B. Allersma, B.A.N Koehorst, 1995. Preliminary tests on soft clay with a biaxial apparatus. Int. Symp. On Compression and
Consolidation of Clayey Soils, Hiroshima, A.A. Balkema, Rotterdam,
pp.27-32. (full paper )
- Allersma, H.G.B., 1995.
Simulation of subsidence in soil layers in a
geotechnical centrifuge. Fifth International Symposium on Land Subsidence,
The Hague, the Netherlands, IAHS Publication No. 234 pp.117-126. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1995.
Simulation of buckling of open ended cylinder piles during driving.
External Report Nr.384, Geotechnical Laboratory,
Delft University of Technology.
- Stuit, H.G., 1995.
Sand in the geotechnical centrifuge. PhD-Thesis, Delft
University of Technology. (available on request)
-
Allersma, H.B.G., 1996. Computer applications in experimental soil mechanics.
Proc. Sec. Int. Conf. in Civil Eng. on Computer Applications Reasearch and
Practise. University of Bahrain, College of Engineering, Vol.2, pp501-511. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1996. Using centrifuge research in analysing stability
of dikes. Genie Civil-Genie Cotiers, IVemes Journees Nationales, Dinard,
France, pp.289-298. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1996. Using digital image processing in a field
measurement. Geotechnique 46(3), pp. 561-563. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1996. Simulation of flowing hoppers in a geotechnical
centrifuge. 12th Int. Congress of Chemical and Process Eng., Praha,
August 25-30, 1996.
-
Allersma, H.G.B., B. Hospers and M.G. den Braber, 1996. Centrifuge tests
on the sliding behaviour of spudcans. 49th Canadian Geotechnical
Conference. St John's September 23-25, 1996, pp. 199-206.
(full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1997. Centrifuge tests on widening of embankments on soft
soil. Third Geotechnical Engineering Conference,
Egypt
(space view)
Cairo University, Jan. 5-8,1997, pp. 43-54. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., F.J.A. Plenevaux, J,-F.P.C. Wintgens 1997. Simulation of
suction pile installation in sand in a geocentrifuge. 7th Offshore and
Polar Eng. Conference, Hawaii,
May 25-30, pp. 761-766. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1997. Using imaging technologies in experimental
geotechnics.
Second Int. Conf. on Imaging Technology Techniques and Civil Eng.
Applications, Davos, May 25-30, pp. 1-9. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1997. Centrifuge tests on the influence of shape on the sliding
behaviour of spudcans. 8th Int. Conf. on the Behaviour of Off-Shore Structures,
7-10 July, Delft, the Netherlands, Vol.1, pp.225-233. (full paper )
-
Toyosawa, Y., N. Horii, H.G.B. Allersma, 1997. Failure mechanism of anchored sheet
pile wall in centrifuge tests. Proc. 32th Japan National Conference on Geotechnical
Engineering, 15-17 July, Kumamoto, Japan, Vol.2, pp.1697-1698. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1997. Optical analysis of methods to influence the stress
distribution in hoppers. Int. Symposium on Mechanics of Particulate Material,
June 29-July 2, Chicago, pp.431-440.
(full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1997. Possibilities of small geotechnical centrifuges.
Int. Conference on Soil Mechanics&Foundation Eng., Hamburg, Sept.6-12,
1997, pp.2015-2018. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., B. Hospers and J.G. den Braber, 1997. Centrifuge tests
on the sliding behaviour of spudcans. Canadian Geotechnical Journal, Vol.34,
Nr.5, pp.658-663. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1997. Application of small beam centrifuge in
geotechnical research. Autumn Geotechnical Seminar of Korean
Geotechnical Society, Eng. College Korea Univ.,
Seoul, November 27, 1997, pp.46-58.
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1997. Some applications of drains in geotechnicacs.
Autumn Geotechnical Seminar of Korean Geotechnical Society, Eng.
College Korea Univ., Seoul, November 27, 1997, pp.59-62.
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1998. Stress analysis on photoelastic particle assemblies
in centrifuge tests. Int.
Conference Centrifuge98, Tokyo,
Sept.23-25, 1998, pp.61-67. (full paper )
-
Esposito, G., H.G.B. Allersma, 1998. Centrifuge modelling of LNAPL
transport in partially saturated sand. Contribution Special Lecture
Int. Conference Centrifuge98, Tokyo, Sept.23-25, 1998, pp.53-55.
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1998. Using digital image processing in monitoring LNAPL
infiltration in sand. Contribution Special Lecture Int. Conference
Centrifuge98, Tokyo, Sept.23-25, 1998, pp.37-39.
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1998. Development of cheap equipment for small centrifuges.
Int. Conference Centrifuge98
, Tokyo,
Sept.23-25, 1998, pp.85-91. (full paper )
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Allersma, H.G.B., R. Brinkgreve, S.J.B. Dresken, 1998. Centrifuge and
numerical modelling of ground control during road constructions. Int.
Conf. on geomechanics/ground control in mining and underground
construction, July 14-17, Wollongong,
Vol.2, pp.1009-1017. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1998. Centrifuge tests on the stability of embankments
during water infiltration. Int. Conf. on geomechanics/ground control in
mining and underground construction, July 14-17,
Wollongong, Vol.2, pp.955-963.
(full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., F.M. van Woensel 1998. Centrifuge research on the sliding
behaviour of spudcans in layered soils. 8th Offshore and
Polar Eng. Conference, Montreal,
May 24-29, Vol.1, pp. 621-627. (full paper )
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Allersma, H.G.B., 1998. Using small centrifuge in offshore engineering.
17th Int. Conf. on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Eng., July 6-9, Lisbon,
on CD-ROM. (full paper )
-
Bizzarri, A., H.G.B. Allersma, 1998. Creep tests on reconstructed
soft clay, performed by means of a biaxial device.
Int. Symp. on Problematic Soils, Oct. 28-30, Sendai, Japan, pp.645-648.
(full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1999. Optical analysis of stress and strain in photoelastic
assemblies. Introduction Mechanics of Granular Matertials. Book, Editors in
chief: M. Oda and K. Iwashita, Balkema, Rotterdam, pp.265-271.
(full paper )
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Esposito, G., H.G.B. Allersma, A.P.S. Selvadurai, 1999. Centrifuge modelling of LNAPL
transport in partially saturated sand. J. of Geotechnical and Geoenvironmental
Eng.,Vol. 125 no:12, pp. 1066-1071. (full paper )
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Kirstein, A.A., H.G.B. Allersma, R.B.J. Brinkgreve, T.Simon, 1999. Comparison study
on analytical, centrifugal and numerical modeling of quasi-horizontal loaded
suction piles. Proc. Int. Symp. Beyond 2000 in Comp. Geotechnics,
Amsterdam, Balkema, pp.227-235 (full paper )
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Allersma, H.G.B., A.A. Kirstein, R.B.J. Brinkgreve, B. Ferres, 1999. Centrifuge and
numerical modelling of methods to optimize the horizontal bearing capacity of
suction piles. (patent support) 18th Int. Conf. on Offshore and Arctic Eng.,
St. John's, on CD-ROM (full paper )
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Allersma, H.G.B., Y. Toyosawa, 1999. Simulation failure mechanism of anchored sheet
pile walls in a small centrifuge. Int. Symp. Geotechnical Aspects of Underground
Construction in Soft Soil. Tokyo, pp. 447-452
(full paper )
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Allersma, H.G.B., 1999. Using small beam centrifuge in analyzing behaviour
geotechnical structures. Integrity, reliability and failure Int. Conf. University
of Porto, Porto, in press.
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1999. Optical analysis of stress and strain in a number
of shear devices. 2nd Int. Symp. on Pre-Failure Deformation
Characteristics of Geomaterials.
Torino, ,pp.501-508. (full paper )
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Brinkgreve, R.B.J., Kirstein, A.A., H.G.B. Allersma, , T.Simon, 1999.
Numerical and experimental investigation of suction anchor design.
Seventh Int. Symp. on Numerical Models in Geomechanics
(NUMOG VII), Graz, pp.475-480. (full paper )
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Allersma, H.G.B., 1999. Centrifuge tests on slope failure during water infiltration.
Int. Symp on Slope Stability Engineering (IS-SHIKOKU'99). Matsuyama, Japan,
Balkema, pp.447-452. (full paper )
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Allersma, H.G.B., 1999. Application of image processing in measuring displacements
during slope failure. Int. Symp on Field Measurements in Geotechnics.
Singapore, Supplement Proceedings, pp. 1-6.
(full paper )
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Allersma, H.G.B., A.A. Kirstein, R.B.J. Brinkgreve, T.Simon, 1999. Centrifuge and
numerical modelling of horizontally loaded suction piles. 9th Offshore and
Polar Eng. Conference, Brest, pp.711-717 (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 1999. Application of small beam centrifuge in geotechnical
research. 3th Int. Conf. on Seismology and Earthquake Eng.,IIEES,
Tehran, pp.445-454.
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Allersma, H.G.B., A.A. Kirstein, D.Maes, 2000. Centrifuge modelling on suction piles under
cyclic and long term loading. 9th Offshore and Polar Eng. Conference,May 28-June 2,
Seattle, pp.334-341. (full paper )
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Allersma, H.G.B., J. Hogervorst, C. Dufour, 2000, Orientation tests on suction pile installation
by the percussion method. Proc. of ETCE/OMAE2000, New Orleans, February 14-17,
CD-ROM ASME paper no:OMAE2000/OSU OFT-4036. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., S.W. Lee, Y.N. Lee, 2000, Centrifuge modelling of embankment construction by dumping
method on soft soil. Soft Ground Technology Conference, May 28- June 2, Noordwijkerhout, pp.423-434.
(full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 2000, Measuring of slope surface displacement by using digital image
processing. 8th Int. Symp. on Landslides, June 26-30, Cardiff, pp.37-44.
(full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., A.A. Kirstein, R.B.J. Brinkgreve, T.Simon, 2000. Centrifuge and
numerical modelling of horizontally loaded suction piles. Int. Journal of Offshore
and Polar Engineering, Vol.10 No.3, pp.222-228. (full paper )
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Soga, K., C.Kechavarzi, H. Coumoulos, S. Shu, J.Kawabata, G. Esposito, H.G.B. Allersma, 2000, Centrifuge
modelling of water drainage and LNAPL infiltration in unsaturated soil deposits, Int. Symp. on Physical
Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics, La Baule, May 15-17, pp.293-300.
(full paper )
-
Esposito, G., H.G.B. Allersma, 2000, Centrifuge simulation of in-situ contamination removal.
Int. Symp. on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics,
La Baule, May 15-17, pp.141-148. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B. Esposito, G., 2000, Optical analysis of pollution transport in geotechnical
centrifuge tests. Int. Symp. on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics,
La Baule, May 15-17, pp.3-10. (full paper )
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Esposito G., H.G.B. Allersma, K. Soga, C. Kechavarzi, H. Coumoulos, S. Shu, J Kawabata, 2000,
Centrifuge simulation of LNAPL infiltration in partially saturated porous granular medium,
Int. Symp. on Physical Modelling and Testing in Environmental Geotechnics,
La Baule, May 15-17, pp.277-284. (full paper )
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Allersma, H.G.B., 2000, Possibilities of small beam centrifuge in geotechnical research.
Proc. of the first Central Asian Geotechnical Symposium, Astana, 25-28 May , pp.101-108.
-
Toyosawa Y., N. Horii, S. Tamate and H.G.B. Allersma, 2000, Simulation failure
mechanism of anchored sheet pile walls in centrifuge. Year 2000 Geotechnics,
Geotechnical Engineering Conference, 27-30 Nov, Bangkok,
Vol.2, pp.363-370. (full paper )
-
Allersma H.G.B., 2000, Observation of unexpected phenomena in geotechnical
centrifuge tests. Year 2000 Geotechnics, Geotechnical Engineering Conference,
27-30 Nov, Bangkok, Vol.1, pp.173-178.
(full paper )
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Allersma, H.G.B., 2001, Some applications of imaging technologies in
experimental geotechnics. Bauingenieur, Springer VDI Verlag, no:76, pp.204-207.
(full paper )
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Allersma H.G.B., 2001, Application of imaging technologies in experimental
geotechnics. EuropIA'8 Int. Conf., Advances in Design and Technology,
Delft, April 25-27, pp.15-28 (full paper )
-
Allersma H.G.B., 2001, Optical analysis of stress and strain around a
penetrating probe in a granular medium. 4th International Conf. on
Micromechanics of granular material, Sendai,
May 21-25, pp.85-88 (full paper )
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Allersma, H.G.B., J.R. Hogervorst, M. Pimoulle, 2001, Centrifuge tests
on suction pile installation by percussion method in layered soil. Conf.
on Offshore Mechanics and Arctic Eng., Rio, de
Janeiro, June 3-8, OMAE2001/OFT-1036, pp.1-7. (full paper)
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Allersma, H.G.B., J.R. Hogervorst, M. Pimoulle, 2001, Centrifuge modelling of
suction pile installation using a percussion technique. ISOPE2001,
Stavanger,
June 17-22, pp.260-265. (full paper)
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Allersma, H.G.B., A.A. Kirstein, R.B.J. Brinkgreve, 2001, Centrifuge and numerical
modelling of suction pile behavior under various loading conditions. XVth Int. Conf.
for Soil Mech. And Foundation Eng., August 27-31,
Istanbul, pp.1327-1330. (full paper)
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Lee, S.W., Y.N. Lee, H.G.B. Allersma, 2001, A study on replacement
behaviour of soft soil by centrifuge modelling tests. The Journ. of
Korean Geotechnical Eng. Society, Vol.16, No.6, pp. 141-151. ( full paper).
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Allersma, H.G.B., A.Rohe, 2001, Centrifuge tests on the failure mechanism of dykes.
Proc. 14th Southeast Asian Geotechnical Conference,
Hongkong, 10-14 Dec 2001, pp.1077-1081. (full paper)
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Allersma, H.G.B., 2001, The small beam centrifuge of the University of Delft.
Int. Symp. on Geotechnical Centrifuge Medelling and Networking. Hongkong University
of Science and Technology, 8&9 Dec 2001, pp.1-4.
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 2002, Deformation measurement during field test on a dyke at
Bergambacht; Second attemp, Report Geotechnical Laboratory, January,
26 pages. (full paper ).
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Allersma, H.G.B., A. Rohe, O. Dupont 2002, Centrifuge tests on the failure
of dikescaused by uplift pressure. Int. Conf. on Physical modelling
in GeotechnicsSt. John's, pp. 747-752. (full paper )
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Allersma, H.G.B., W. Broere, 2002, Optical analysis of stress around a
penetrating probe in granular material. Int. Conf. on Physical modelling
in Geotechnics, St. John's, pp.149-154. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 2002, Unexpected phenomena in geotechnical centrifuge tests.
Learned and Applied, Soil Mechanics out of Delft, pp.169-179.
(full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 2002, Application of small beam centrifuge in Offshore
foundation engineering, Proc. (CD-Rom)Int. Conf. ISOPE02,
Kita-Kyushu, Japan, pp.699-705.
(full paper )
-
Hayashi, Y., H.G.B. Allersma, 2002, Centrifuge model test on the
transportation of LNAPL in sand deposit with floating type vertical
barrier wall, Annual Meeting Japanese Geotechnical Society, Osaka,
Japan, July 17-19, pp.2295-2296. (full paper )
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Lynch,R.J., H.G.B. Allersma, A. Bezuijen, M.D. Bolton, M. Cartwright,
M.C.R. Davies, N. Depountis, J. Garnier, J.L.L. De Almeida Garrett,
C. Kechavarzi, O. Oung, M.G. Da Silva, G. Esposito, C. Santos, P. Sentenac,
K. Soga, S. Spiessl, R.N. Taylor, A.C.J. Treadaway, F. Weststrate, 2002,
Development of sensors, probes and imaging techniques for pollutant monitoring
in geoenvironmental model tests. IJPMG-International
Journal of Physical modelling in Geotechnics 4(2001),pp.17-27. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B.,J.A. Jacobse, R.L. Krabbendam 2003, Centrifuge tests on
uplift capacity of suction caissons with active suction, Proc. (CD-Rom)Int.
Conf. ISOPE03, Honolulu, Hawaii,
May 25-30, pp.734-739. ( full paper)
-
Allersma, H.G.B., A. Rohe, 2003, Centrifuge tests on the failure of dikes
caused by uplift pressure. IJPMG-International Journal of Physical modelling
in Geotechnics, (1(2003), pp.25-33. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 2003, Physical modelling in geotechnics using
small centrifuge, Symposium on Construction Processes in
Geotechnical Engineering. April 10-11, City University London, 2 pages.
-
Allersma, H.G.B. 2003, Centrifuge research on suction piles: installation and
bearing capacity. BGA International Conference on Foundations, Univ.of Dundee,
Sept. 2003, 91-98.
-
Allersma, H.G.B. 2003, The small beam centrifuge of the University of Delft.
Festschrift devoted to the 70th anniversary of Prof K. Shadunts, Kuban
State Agrarian Univ., Kuban land, Russia, pp.129-135.
-
Hayashi, Y., H.G.B. Allersma, 2003, Centrifuge modeling of LNAPL
infiltration in sand deposits with an impervious sheet. Int. Symposium on
Groundwater Problems related to Geo-environment; Groundwater
engineering -recent advances-, Okayama, Japan,
May 28-30, pp.305-310. (full paper )
-
Bizzarri, A., H.G.B. Allersma, 2003, Creep tests on reconstituted soft clay,
performed by means of a biaxial, Int. Workshop on Geotechnics of Soft Soil;
Theory and Practice, 17-19 September, Noordwijkerhout, Netherlands, pp.391-396.
(full paper )
-
Wichman, B.G.H.M., H.G.B. Allersma, 2003, Centrifuge modelling of soil
upheave by expanding tubes. Int. Workshop Ground Improvement,
Satellite Conf. TC17 & TC9 of the 13th ESSMGE,
Prague, August 29, 6 pages
( full paper).
-
Allersma, H.G.B., M. Bartsch, 2003, Parametric geo-centrifuge
study of innovative methods stabilizing dikes. Int. Workshop
Ground Improvement, Prague 29 August, Satellite Conf. TC17 & TC9
of the 13th ESSMGE, 12 pages ( full paper)
-
Allersma, H.G.B. 2003, Displacement measurement
by image processing in a field test on dike failure. 6th Int. Symp.
on Field Measurements in Geomechanics, Sept. 15-18,
Oslo, Norway, pp.411-418. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B. 2003, Centrifuge research on bearing capacity of
suction caissons.Int. Symp. on Shallow Foundations FONDSUP2003,
5-7 Nov. Paris, pp.29-36. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., M. Bartsch, 2003, Centrifuge research on methods improving
the stability of dikes. Int. Conf. on slope Engineering, 8-10 December, Civil Eng.,
University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong , pp.479-484.
(full paper )
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Allersma, H.G.B. 2004, Centrifuge tests on monotonic and cyclic loaded caissons.
Int. Conference on Cyclic behaviour of soils and liquefaction phenomena, Bochum,
31 March-2 April, pp.335-340 (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B. 2004, Physical modelling of offshore foundation systems in a
centrifuge. Int. Conference on Geotechnical Engineering, Beirut, May 19-22, in press.
(full paper )
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Hayashi, Y, H.G.B. Allersma 2004, Centrifuge modelling of LNAPL transport in sand
deposite by groundwater flow. Int. Conference on Offshore and Polar Engineering,
ISOPE2004, Toulon, May 23-28, pp.464-469. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.B.G. 2004, Centrifuge tests on some soil-structure interaction
problems. Int. Conference on Offshore and Polar Engineering,ISOPE2004,
Toulon, May 23-28, pp.459-463. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.B.G. 2004, Centrifuge research on methods of improving the
capacity of offshore foundation systems. Int. Conference on Offshore and
Polar Engineering,ISOPE2004, Toulon, May 23-28,
pp.445-450. (full paper )
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Allersma, H.B.G., M. Bartsch 2004, Centrifuge tests on methods stabilizing
embankments. GEO2004, Advances in geotechnical engineeringwith emphasis on
dam engineering. Irbid, Jordan, July 12-15, pp.311-322. (full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B. 2004, Application of small geo-centrifuge to soft soil problems.
Int. Conference on Engineering practice and performance of soft deposites,
Osaka, June 2-4, pp.303-308. (full paper )
-
Hayashi, Y, H.G.B. Allersma 2004, Plane strain shear behaviour of flowable
cement treated soil. Int. Conference on Engineering practice and performance
of soft deposites, Osaka, June 2-4, pp.201-204. (full paper )
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Cheng, X., H.G.B. Allersma 2004, Strain rate dependent behavior, material instability and
strain localization of soft clay. Int. Conference on Engineering practice and performance
of soft deposites, Osaka, June 2-4, pp.75-80. (full paper )
-
Hayashi, Y, H.G.B. Allersma 2004, Plane strain consolidation and shear behavior of the
liquefied cement-treated soil. 39th Annual Meeting of Japanese Geotechnical Society,
July 7-9, 2004, Niigata, Japan, pp.789-790.(full paper )
-
Allersma, H.G.B., 2004, Physical modelling of large granular systems in a centrifuge.
Symposium on Traffic and Granular Flow (TFG03), Delft, Oct 1-3, (full paper )
-
Hayashi, Y, H.G.B. Allersma 2004, Plane strain mechanical characteristics of
liquefied cement-treated soil. 15th South East Asian Geotechnical Conference on
Development in Geotechnical Engineering for Practice,Bangkok, November 22-26,pp.447-452.
(full paper )
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Oung, O., A. Bezuijen, F. Weststrate, E. Haza, C. Favraud, S. Spiessl, N. Taylor,
H. Coumoulos, K. Soga, G. Esposito, H. Allersma, 2004, Investigation of European
network of geotechnical centrifuges on multiphase flow. IJPMG-International
Journal of Physical modelling in Geotechnics, pp..
-
Allersma, H.G.B., I.S.S. Schoonbeek 2005, Centrifuge modelling of scouring ice keels in clay.
Int. Conference on Offshore and Polar Engineering,ISOPE2005, Seoul, June 19-24, cd-rom (full paper) , pp.404-409.
-
Allersma, H.G.B. 2005, Optical analysis of stress and strain around penetrating elements in a granular medium.
Int. Conference on Offshore and Polar Engineering,ISOPE2005, Seoul, June 19-24, cd-rom (full paper) , pp.590-595.
-
Allersma, H.G.B. 2005, Optical analysis of stress and strain in shear zones.
Int. Conference on Powders and Grains2005, Stuttgart, July 19-22,(full paper), pp.187-191.
-
Wichman, B.G.H.M., H.G.B. Allersma, 2005, Centrifuge modeling of soil
upheave by expanding tubes. Int. Conf. ICSMGE, Osaka, September 12-16, 4p.
( full paper).
-
Allersma, H.G.B. 2005, Centrifuge tests on improving offshore foundation systems.
ISFOG, Perth, September 18-21, (full paper) pp.187-191.
-
Schoonbeek, I.S.S., Allersma, H.G.B. 2006, Centrifuge modelling of scouring ice keels in clay.
Physical modelling in Geotechnics, 6th ICPMG06, August 4-6, Hongkong, Balkema, Rotterdam,
(full paper), pp.1291-1296.